CULTURAL PRACTICES AND ETHICS...CHILD AND YOUTH CARE IN SOUTH AFRICA

Discussions with students on ethics, moves to ethical dilemmas. Examples around the tensions (some say "clashes") between personal, especially religious beliefs and professional ethics are usually fairly easily resolved. If there is any discussion, tensions between child and youth care ethics and cultural practices, however, most frequently remain in tension.

Here are two examples of questions asked.

"You read in an article Sowetan Live 20 December 2018 (Mthethwa B) That the Zulu cultural practice Ukweshwama Harvest Ceremony has been revived and is to be held. Young Zulu males chase a bull and kill it by hand. In this article it is said that no blood is shed and the method used to kill the bull is  painless. It marks the group of young males as "Men", the King as being given the qualities of the bull.  

In the Dispatch Newspaper, it describes it differently. It is said that the eyes of the bull are gouged out, the tongue pulled from its mouth, genitals twisted and the bull is suffocated to death. 

A young male in your care says that his father has told him to participate in this year's Ukweshwama. as by doing so, his father will regard him as being manly.

You consider "What is the best that can come of his participation?" You consider "What is the worst that can happen? Is the young male person put at risk?" You consider whether the issues of parental and animal rights enter into  Child and Youth Care ethics.

Commonly, not withstanding, custodial parental rights, the risks of the boy getting possibly wounded, child and youth care work students say, "We feel sorry for the animal, but it's our culture, and culture comes first. Culture is above the Law".

Another dilemma exercise in Child and Youth Care ethics vs cultural practice:

There is a cultural practice in which sets of little parallel cuts are made around the naval of a very young child. Commonly called "elevenses", because they look like 11s. 

The question: "A mother tells you that the child is constantly restless and crying. She will take the child to an elder healer who will cut "elevenses" and rub a herbal mixture into the incisions. Can you agree to this? The deliberate cutting of a child's body is regarded as abuse A child and youth care worker is required to report abuse. If "elevenses" are done, will you report it?".   

The same response is the most usual given. "It's our culture. Culture comes first. Culture is above the Law."

The same response is usually given to cultural practices such as circumcision, facial markings, elongation of the vaginal labia (vaginal pulling), virginity testing, body piercing, tattoos. 

When there are tensions of interpretation some say, a "clash", of legal issues, I am told to refer to the Constitution  of South Africa to seek out the final word. 

 The issue of culture and cultural practice vs law and so the legal regulatory requirement as in child and youth care ethics has been and is an ongoing debate in many circles in South Africa. It means that it's not easily clearly resolved. Just to highlight the tension and dilemma, the Constitution of South Africa, Section 31 reads(1) A person belonging to a culture , religious or linguistic community, may not be denied the right with other members of that community...
(a) to enjoy their cultural practice, their religion and to use their language, and..........
Section 30 reads "Everyone has the right to use the language and to participate in the cultural life of their choice...."

Both Section 30 and 31 have however a condition attached. The proviso is that the practice may not be exercised in a manner inconsistent with any provision of the Bill of Rights.The Bill of Rights says that no person, or the State may discriminate on the basis of Culture.

Rautenbach et al Culture (and Religion) in Constitutional Adjudication. 2009 Potchestroom, South Africa, say that the legal vs cultural practice issue is problematic because "culture" "tradition"and "religion" are not defined in the Constitution They say also that there is what they call a gap "between the values entrenched in the SA Constitution of 1996 and cultural and religious values, which in some instances over centuries, have brought about customs and traditions (in "traditional" communities)  which seemingly infringe on some of the Contitutional values and rights". This apparent "gap" is well illustrated in the implied values of the Constitution's Section 28 (2) A child's best interests are of paramount importance  in every matter concerning the child" and the Bill of Rights 12 (e) the right...not to be treated or punished in a cruel, inhuman or degrading way".

The practice of Inqgithi among some traditional tribalist communities of the Xhosa people may provide a good example of the dilemma between child and youth care ethics, the Constitution and cultural practice 

Inqgithi is the cultural practice of marking a tribal member through the removal of the upper part of the little, or the ring finger from the topmost (the first) joint. Usually done on a newborn. It can also be done,for example, to a 5 year old especially if the child is bedwetting and constantly sickly. It is done to ward off disease, bedwetting and mental illnesses as well as being a tribal marking.  At an older age, the flesh of the upper part of the finger may be removed. A  "specialist surgeon" different from the surgeon who undertakes circumcision, amputates that section of the finger with a sharp knife. It is regarded as a symbol ... a body part is sacrificed to the ancestors to spare the life of a child or an affected child. Amongst those who practice Inqgithi, it is said.. it must be done to avoid the wrath of the ancestors.

 It seems,then, that there may well be a dilemma, a tension in some instances These are the balls in the air,.. some cultural practices, best interests and the Child and Youth Care value of protection from harm. As far as I know, these tensions have not been tested within our now regulated professional status. We, as child and youth care workers, are sure to encounter the dilemmas.

What do you think? How will you respond?     



      

  

WORDS WE USE...CHILD AND YOUTH CARE IN SOUTH AFRICA

Years back I wrote a piece called "What's in a "Name?" The thinking behind it was that the names by which child and youth care workers are called as employees and the words used in the workplace speak volumes. They speak about the character/nature of the child and youth care work they are expected to perform. I'm going to call it the 'model'.

In my very first appointment the child and youth care workers were called "sister". There was a child and youth care worker in a more senior position known as 'Matron". I was the "Superintendent", as in "Hospital Superintendent". I called it the "hospital model". The underlying thought was that the children were sick. They needed healing as in a hospital setting. And that's exactly how it worked. Children's behaviour was explained by the thought that they were unwell. They were ill. They were sent to specialists including psychologists, various medics, educationalists, socialworkers..... The 'sisters' were nurses in the ward . 

Not far, across the way, another smaller residential facility called the child and youth care workers "housemothers" and "housefathers". Heard often was "We love them good" ( It was Bruno Betlelheim in 1950's who wrote the classic "Love is not Enough" No real need to say. The expectation was that they would be 'substitute parents' and act as such. In fact the facility was called an "orphanage". But the children had blood parents.

A Facebook post this fortnight made reference to management saying to  the child and youth care workers in a Child and Youth Care Centre for young people in trouble with the law, "Don't keep on acting like social workers. These young people have been sentenced for criminal  activity. This is not a holiday camp. They are supposed to know they have done wrong". Coupled with that was a further comment. "Where I am the facility is commonly called the "Stout school". It means a school for very naughty children and young people. In the community stoat school is used as a  threat to children. This I suppose could be called the "punishment model". Child and youth care workers were expected to  be hard and controlling.

Which brings to mind, what I call the "prison model". Child and youth care workers, I experienced, were called "care officers. The expectation is that they practiced mostly like prison wardens. At night, when the young people were locked into the 4 -6 bed, cell like dormitories, the child and youth care workers were required to carry out what was called, a "night patrol". They can take a security guard with them on these patrols. The expectation, further is that the child  and youth care workers "monitor" with high levels of regimentation. Line-ups, role calls, set diningroom places. All stand and then sit when given the command,  Strict set times for everything.  In some facilities, a siren sounds to mark the routines.

St Goodenough was established by an ex-army chaplain for  boys orphaned by the first world war and then by the South African Big Flu epidemic in 1923.Employed as child and  youth care workers were returning ex-service men. Until 1986 and beyond, they were called "Housemasters". Only men were employed. Later, housemasters brought there wives into the  staff residential facilities. At that time, Women were not employed and referred to by the title 'Mam". Housemasters were called "Sir".  "Sir". "Mam" "Housemaster", speaks of the child and youth care practice expectation. A middle class boarding school hostel model. 'Sir' was the discipline figure with the use of the hostel master's (standard issue) cane. Together with hangovers from the army model, it was regarded as most appropriate for boys, who were in any case, being prepared for the then compulsory conscription into the South African Army at age 18. This strange mix determined the expected child and youth care practice.

 A faith-based facility I encountered, and this is not a generalisation, seemed also to have its own expectations of child and youth care practice. In one I heard said, "We pray them good". Not just that. Heard was, "If you are not "Born Again" you will never come right and you may never leave this place". Also heard was talk of demons and Satan in the children, 'Spoil the rod etc..." In one instance I experienced a  child and youth care worker who held the view and practiced "Beating out the Devil" Young people were required to attend long scripture studies and readings every evening and compulsorily required to attend religious services. Practice in the facility I encountered, expected child and youth care workers to make disciples (proselytise) as an essential  practice element. In 1998 Minimum Standards for South African Child and Youth Care ( IMC for Youth at Risk.) prohibited this as child and youth care practice. "Prohibited.....undue influence by service providers regarding their religious or personal beliefs....."(pg 4). I will call this the "faith community" model.

With the move away from child and youth care workers being just "well-intentioned do-gooders" to being professional child and youth care workers, came the the word "development"  At first, child and youth care facilities used the word               " treatment". This sounded like the medical and the pathological models until it was redefined to mean the way we treat children and young people intentionally therapeutically and developmentally. These words speak of our practice and we hope, the expectations of  the child and youth care worker by management and the employer.

My concern is that developmental child and youth care workers may still find their expected practice to be in a sort of uneasy, parallel, or even a merge, within some of these historical organisational and management mindsets.  

When child and youth care workers in South Africa are called anything other than child and youth care workers... the name by which we are registered...and when words are used within an organisation that are entirely divorced from our practice  as professionals, my buttons are pushed and caution lights flash. 

WOUNDED HEALERS...CHILD AND YOUTH CARE IN SOUTH AFRICA

It was one of those barge into the office occasions. 
CYCW: "Do something to this boy. He threw a metal toy car                -  this car - at me. It hit me on the breast."
ME: " Are you OK? Please go to the Clinic and get checked out".
CYCW " I'm not going to that place. Do something to this boy."
ME: " Leave me with the boy". 

He was a very little fellow.  Eventually he told me his story. He was playing with the car on the floor in the passage entrance to the dormitory. He was making car noises - loudly. It was the "quiet hour". After Sunday lunch there was a quiet hour for the houses.

 The child and youth care worker told him to stop. He stopped for a while but got bored, so he seated himself on the step at the entrance and played "cars" again. This time she yelled at him. "A lot of yelling", he said.  He heard her voice but the only words he heard were "Get out, get out!" He couldn't explain why he was playing, so he threw the car into the passage. He didn't mean that it should hit her."

It must have been a little under a year when I was told that she had had a mastectomy. She never ever herself told me. Not ever!

I was never allowed to forget that incident. At every turn I was told that I only cared for the children and young people. Child and youth care workers meant nothing to me. Twas as if I was not just the Director/Manager, but an uncaring father heading a family - her family. 

On Facebook there was a post from Claudia Roodt a trauma advisor. It will be shared later in the blog. Claudia Roodt was once the Director of a well established, quality residential facility for girls in Capetowm. She is well qualified to talk trauma and child and youth care work.

There rushed to mind a number of experiences in interviews for appointments as child and youth care workers over the years.

These were questions I found useful in assessing/revealing. personal character suitability for the nature of the work in a residential programme. Obviously "Why do you choose to be a child and youth care worker?" The answers to this question rang bells for me. "I have raised my own children. I have enough love in me to love many children. I  have been there  I know first hand how it is to have a difficult life".

The follow up question was: "Whats been the worst thing that has happened to you in your life?" 
Then next. "How did you deal with it?"

There were invariably and understandably, spoken and unspoken responses to this question. Some more likely to be spoken than others: divorce, death of a close family member -  child or spouse, the experience of some other kind of loss or violence like armed robbery, financial misfortune or failure.

The least likely to be spoken were parental abuse, an abusive relationship sexual assault.

 The line of the interview questions was to probe whether the applicants were carrying unhealed traumatic experiences Some say, rather harshly, "emotional baggage". I used to call it "Carrying a piano on his/her back'.

Claudia Roodt's post listed tunes that the piano plays.

"FIXING OTHERS
PEOPLE PLEASING
CO-DEPENDENCY
EXTERNAL VALIDATION NEEDED
LIVING ON HIGH ALERT
FEAR OF ABANDONMENT
DE-PRIORITIZING OWN NEEDS
NEED TO PROVE THEMSELVES
TOLERATES ABUSIVE BEHAVIOUR
ATTRACTS NARCISSISTIC PARTNERS
DIFFICULTY SETTING BOUNDARIES".

You can see. The hurt are drawn into being the 'wounded healer'. The stress is on the title of that list 
"UNHEALED CHILDHOOD TRAUMA MANIFEST AS ......" .....unhealed.

Let's look at the effects of coming into child and youth care with the scars of trauma unhealed. The examples and thinking come from my experience in the field and not from an academic or theoretical sources.

A therapeutic environment proved frequently to draw the wounded healer as there was an underlying unexpressed, perhaps unconscious attraction to be where there were the hurt and where healing happens in order to find healing of self. "If I am an instrument of healing in an environment of healing, I will heal also." ...Faulty thinking!

It was a staff meeting. Present, a young student Psychologist, doing a practical year of constructive delay before undertaking the Masters degree. She had been newly appointed as Programme Manager. An unqualified, but long serving child and youth care worker found a moment to find fault with the programme management of a young person in her care. The young Programme Manager defended her interventions with verbal skill and very credibly.

Next day, the office barge in. 
"I'm resigning" It was the young Programme Manager. " Here's my letter. I only  have to give you 24 hours notice." 

She explained why. At the meeting I didn't support her against the child and youth care worker. 
ME "I didn't support the child and youth care worker. I wasn't going to take sides with either of you. I thought that you were doing very well on your own. It's part of learning." 
PM "Last night I booked to go to Israel.  I'm going to work my year at a kibbutz. They all support each other in a kibbutz. You let me down. If you can do  it once you will do it again. You are this place!. I thought that I would be protected here.

Half an hour later. "This is not the first time I have run away after experiencing let down. I always do this. It's like Act 1 Scene 1 of a play which keeps repeating itself".

Oh, oh, painful childhood experience unspoken, untold, unhealed, unresolved.

The interview question "How did you deal with it - the traumatic experience?" If spoken, this is the key. "Seeking therapy from a professional is, oh, so frequently avoided when it is most needed. Then to discover that the nature of child and youth care work mirrors all those traumatic incidents through the lives of the children and raises them to the surface again.

The expected healing through being a healer in a therapeutic milieu is all too often experienced a let down and proves to be a heavier burden on self and the very children and young people designed to be healed. 

 Some organisations can and do provide therapeutic services to child and youth care workers. I can talk here from experience. I say this to urge child and youth care workers who experienced unhealed, unfinished business from childhood or adult trauma to accept professional therapy.

Emotional fatigue (burnout) and more, is a likely effect of heaping the children's traumatic experiences upon our own. 

To be effective, our stories must be told, must be spoken. Once healed, there is research which show as wounded healers, our own experience can make us better, more empathetic, more effective healers of others.  

MORE LOCKDOWN AND AFTER..CHILD AND YOUTH CARE IN SOUTH AFRICA

Now in South Africa, we have been there for real.

 The experience of lockdown must be a window of opportunity for change in Child and Youth Care and in child and youth care work.

Facebook during lockdown was loaded with comment on child and youth care work being an essential service. Asif it was a suprise! Like we didn't know. It has been legally an essential service  for a very long time.. many, many years. Some comment was "Read the Children's Act 38 of 2005 with Amendments". It is there clearly stated that child and youth care workers in residential facilities are essential service practitioners.

 This we learnt has scary implications personally, organisationally and professionally. 

 Personally - it is a huge personal risk and requires huge dedication to our professional practice and to the children and young people in our care.

Organisationally - shift systems, especially became an organisational headache. Some child and youth care workers regarded some organisational solutions to be unfair. They said that in some facilities (not all), some staff, including Managers and professionals who saw themselves as  not necessary in face to face contact with the young people, did not come into  the facility whilst child and youth are workers were exposed

 As a profession - A huge concern of mine is that child and youth care workers have not been recognised nor acknowledged as front-line essentilal service workers in the lockdown pandemic period.

The South African President and other State Ministerial officials' voice of appreciation is heard for health workers, social workers, police, army and 'care workers'.'Care workers' are not child and youth care workers who never receive mention. Not once ! Not once in public by officers at that high level, have I heard child and youth care workers thanked, noticed, spotlighted, the profession mentioned by name.  

 This lack  of recognition for our essential work has to be changed..Now! We have to use this window of opportunity to make our value, professionalism and dedication known and recognised.

 So then, after lockdown we are to be appreciated for who we are, what we do and how essential we are .

 Covid 19 and lockdown highlighted inequalities which after lockdown cannot continue. Now we really know what it means to be in a front-line profession and so must others.

 There are other essential changes post lockdown.

  In the COVID 19 lockdown I was caught off guard when I was told that  schools would open ! Some before the end of the lockdown period "No, - it's e-learning" I was told with concern that some communities would suffer, that there would be problems in some communities... For sure ! 

After the Soweto uprising in 1976, The then Apartheid government in South Africa initiated an enquiry into Black Education, then a system called 'Bantu Education'. It was called the van Zyl Commission of Enquiry. I was on the Curriculum Investigative team. We came up with a report that included a model that we found in Isreal. Schools there were being used as, what were called Ambos. It was a model in which the school was a community resource, with the community, adults, its children and young people having access to the facility to be provided with empowerment in whatever the community experienced as a need at the time. The 21 large separate reports were submitted to the then government who then conveniently just shelved them. 

But the Ambo idea has always lived with me. After lockdown our Child and Youth Care Centres are needed to become a community Ambo. A community resource. In the e-learning and digital lockdown period we are now experiencing, the in-house young people must be 4th Industrial Revolution literate, and so must our communities. We are ideally situated to outreach as a community resource as do many non-government Organisations.

There was a fire in the urban shack dwelling  informal settlement one block away from the church. Many of the pre-schoolers attended our full day Early Childhood Development (ECD) programme. Three young adults died in that fire. It flattened everything on the tightly packed inner-city residentially sized site. 300 people ..homeless. Many children. In the morning we went to the ash filled site to see how we might help. Dwellers were hunting through the remains for anything that could be salvaged Some were rescuing wooden poles that could possibly be used to make shelters They needed identity documents, food, tents, tools, blankets, grief and trauma counselling, psychological support. 

The social workers at the scene directed me to the police and the Fire Department Disaster Team and within two hours things started to happen, Medical supplies, food, tents, helping hands. We took the children into the ECD and made sure that they received two meals a day through the church.

We learnt a lot from this disaster. Together with the other churches, denominations, and faiths in the area we            co-operatively established a food bank which stored also other essentials should there be another disaster of this type or any other type in the community. It was a matter of being prepared. We had become an Ambo of sorts, a resource for community needs. Again, our residential child Care Centres seem to be ideally situated to be open enough with all its resources, with all its professional capacity to be a beacon of care in their communities.

In my blog called "Lockdown in a Shack" I proposed that our present lockdown situation in poorer communities, under provisioned, under stimulated children and young people could have stimulation needs met by child and youth care workers in a system of mobile activity units. These could setup temporary 'Safe Parks' on arrival, distribute stimulation packs, provide empowerment to parents on things like child stimulation and more effective parenting assistance with virtual learning . So if the Centre can't cope with opening itself Ambo style, then the Centre can still be a hub from which Child and Youth Care can go to where the children and the community is. Especially in times of risk and need. 

For the coming of the 'after lockdown. we must be prepared.  to be more relevant, more creative,more co-operative, more essential.        

  

AFTER LOCKDOWN...CHILD AND YOUTH CARE IN SOUTH AFRICA

In "normal times", well before COVID 19.

At a local provincial clinic in a township,a cleaner was thoroughly cleaning the wall of a passageway. Typical of most local clinics, the paint was worn thin, with some bare patches. There she was, bucket and brush, protective overall, face-mask and rubber gloves. My thoughts "Can she be infected from the walls in a clinic. Can I be infected from the walls of a clinic?" It looked like an overkill to me.

Now I think differently. 

The flashback and my thinking then got me scribbling notes on the question; What in Child and Youth Care Centres facilities and practice will change following the COVID19 lock-down? Everywhere, it is said that there will be a 'new normal" What will a new normal look like for Child and Youth Care practice? 

 At a very fundamental level, it seems as if facility cleaning, sanatising, hygiene, initial health checks and ongoing health monitoring will change after COVID 19. ..more like the clinic cleaning example.

Business is talking of changing, with new models or adapting existing models  to accomodate the impact of lock-down behaviours. Interesting is that business already define and describe its existing models as as outdated.

Does Child and Youth Care in South Africa have 'models"? If so, how do we describe them and are they too, now outdated? As in business, has bricks and mortar, our buildings, our current norms and standards,shaped what we do, rather than be shaped by the reality of our present times, our rapidly changing  post COVID future? Will norms and standards be changed? Will buildings be rethought or restructured? Will programmes be changed. My thought is, "Yes to all of the above". Then, as in the business sector, "adapt or die." 

There certainly is a professional Child and Youth Care methodology in residential practice, not that much different from the methodology in community- based Child and Youth Care practice. Will our methodology be changed after lock- down?    

Questions, questions, questions.

We have made changes to our practice... changes to what was at the time a set way of doing things. I remember Massud Hoghughi saying, "If you work in a good Child and Youth Care setting, then the only thing you can be certain of....is change. Hoghughi introduced into South Africa, the Problem Profile Approach (PPA) which became our approach (or is it a model)?  No prizes for guessing. It shortly changed...to the strength-based approach. We shifted from the pathological approach to the developmental approach. We experienced a shift from large,same gender, high number dormitory settings toward "small is beautiful", with a growth in group homes and villages. We changed for long term to short term care. Obviously, with each of these changes, our practice, even our buildings  changed.

 The question is now, What is the after lock-down, post COVID 19 need to shift our models and approaches, perhaps our buildings, again?

Shifts in business and education sectors have already spot-lighted changes which have to have an influence toward change in what we do...or don't do in child and youth care practice. A social media post said that we have been forced into the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR).

We have a national, daily updated register of COVID 19 infections by province and in some instances, by metropolitan with daily accessibility to health authorities. Shows that we can keep track at the touch of a button, of young people at risk, in the system, and their return into the system anywhere in the country. Repetitious assessments and the movement reduce or eliminated. I was impressed by one residential facility, which, in the province of Gauteng, had digitalised all file content and ongoing reports. It meant that  the child and youth care workers, issued with laptops, could network into the system, add reports and access immediate file information, track threads of in-house behaviour history and interventions. With our changed experience of what can be done, this in-house digitalised system is proven to have value provincially and nationally.

For child and youth care workers this is the cue that we have to become more computer literate.  

Digitalisation and the immediate onset of the virtual world has after COVID implications. It cannot and won't come to an abrupt end.  Doing homework, groupwork, meetings, the sharing of set programmes, learning, budgeting, shopping retail, purchasing of almost anything can never be the same. The other is that learners in South African schools are to be educated (trained) in coding and robotics very early in the schooling system. Imagine doing homework with children and young people post lockdown. Child and youth care workers have some learning to do, it seems to me. It's scary. Child and Youth Care training, education and Continuous Professional Development (CPD)  curriculum requirements will have to be rethought.

I visualise a huge need to increase e-based activities in Child and Youth Care facilities. Activity planning by child and youth care workers now has an added planning dimension. In some programmes, children and young people are separated from the public school system. They cannot  be allowed to be disadvantaged by being in a residential facility. 

We are all hoping that COVID 19 will and already has, brought about shifts in social thinking; that there is and shall be a societal paradigm shift, economic changes, a social transformation. What in South Africa, COVID has spotlighted is inequality, the widening and widened gap between the privilege and the poor. Evidenced now through first hand experience is that we are capable, yet in need for social justice, increased collaboration, co-operation, participation, democracy and accountability. The small world of Child and Youth Care facilities and programmes, must now change to mirror, in policy and in practice, in our values, what the world has shown it can and has to be.

After lockdown, I want to believe that Child and Youth Care models will follow the drive toward these world-wide movements. The focus will not be, so much on what I call "contemplating our navels" (our own survival),  but should be more outward looking as a programme and in what we co-empower children and young people to be. The most affected by societal injustice are women and children and the young people who land up in our programmes. The shift after lockdown has to demonstrably model examples as agents and advocates for social and restorative justice.  It has further and just as importantly, to primarily empower and co-support children and young people to themselves  be the voices, the activists for social justice. To speak and act out on the lessons of COVID 19 and the lockdown.

 Mahatma Gandhi said "Be the change you want to see in the world". Someone said and I can't remember who, "What the caterpillar calls the end of the world, we call a butterfly".  I like these quotes because they speak of looking both inward at our existing models and outward to a world in another form.

 They have experienced the caterpillar. Now, our after lockdown model must help shape experientially,the butterfly lives of young people and children. Our after lockdown model is to support young people to be empowered as agents of change themselves in the South Africa they want to see. 

RECENT QUESTIONS...CHILD AND YOUTH CARE IN SOUTH AFRICA

Child and Youth Care chat groups (Facebook) are ideal platforms for tapping into the opinions of colleagues, get some answers, and raise discussion which, hopefully may bring about change in work .conditions for child and youth care workers.

These are some of the recently asked questions.

Some responses in this blog are not definitive answers, but conversation starters.

* Who is responsible for the registration of child and youth care workers with the South African Council for Social Service Professionals (SACSSP) - management or the individual child and youth care worker?
My response. Each have different responsibilities. Registration is an individual responsibility. Anyone practicing Child and Youth Care Work must register themselves with the SACSSP. Failure to do this can result in professional sanctions being imposed. Management , however, is in breach of the South African Social Services Act if they employ, or have in employ, unregistered child and youth care practitioners. Legal action can be taken. Some employers do make organisational provisions to ensure and assist child and youth care workers to maintain Council annual registration.

* How do we report unethical conduct?
My response. There is but one way to do this. A formal complaint must be lodged with the SACSSP. 
Go to htpps//www.sacssp.co.za/professional/conduct
Click "Complaints". Scroll down to "Complaints Form". Click to download the form. Submit the completed form to Council.

* What is the purpose of the Child Care Act 74 of 1983?
My response. " The primary objects of the Act are intended to give effect to children's constitutional rights to family and parental care, or, as a  last resort to alternative care when removed from the family environment ,To protect from maltreatment, neglect, abuse and degradation and to the promotion of the best interests of the child."
See: https//socialworkjournals.ac.za

* What's the difference between Level 4 and the Level 5 Child and Youth Care  Further Education and Training Certificate (FETC)?  
My response: The comment attached was "I see no difference". There is a difference. The Quality Council for Trade and Occupations (QCTO) consulted with a nation-wide group of stake-holders through representative Child and Youth Care Community Expert Practitioners (CYC CEP). The level of the curriculum was revised to upgrade it. Obviously , much if not all, Level 4 content was retained. It was upgraded to university entrance level.The main difference is in the learning level at which it is assessed. Level 4 FETC was assessed primarily/mainly at the lower and middle order of Bloom's Taxonomy. Level 5 mainly at the middle and higher levels of Bloom's Taxonomy. It means the assessment of the child and youth care worker's ability to Analyse, Evaluate and to Create, that is, for example, to take case studies and child and youth care scenarios and to analyse behaviours and underlying meaning, to assess through appraisal, to argue, detect, judge critique. Then, to design their own child and youth care practice suggestions ans solutions.

* For how many years must you work for a non-government organisation (NGO/NPO) before you get an increase (in salary)?
My response: As the organisational name implies, an NPO/NGO is not tied to government and so, not tied to government salary scales. They often argue that they will pay what they can afford because they rely on donations, funding and State grants. Child and youth care worker post 'cost to organisation' is not ( if ever) the funding formula applied to NGO's as it is in some instances for Social Workers., If donor or State funding is problematic in any one year, you may be told that an increase is unaffordable. It would be good for NGO's to follow the state salary scales, or at very least have a set of scales to which it is committed as far as possible. This would reduce the drift of child and youth care workers to state facilities when the opportunities arise.

* Which is the best Trade Union for child and youth care workers?
My response: I am not in a position to answer this question. Child and youth care worker's opinions differ on this. Some express a level of disappointment in the existing Trade Unions and say that child and youth care workers should have their own field specific Trade Union. Of interest is that the law permits anyone to register a Trade Union (T's and C's apply). and that Social Workers have registered a Trade Union of their own in South Africa.

* Am I supposed to cook, do the laundry, clean, and in some instances garden?
My response: The first response is "NO". Child and youth care workers are not domestic workers. It's our responsibility to develop young people from dependency, through co-dependency to independence, from not coping to coping. In this, our developmental practice is to do things with children only if the learning is needed, and not for them...certainly not for the organisation.  Domestic help is an essential support service to the child and youth care worker's professional practice. 

* Is there a dress code for child and youth care workers?
My response: First a comment on the use of a uniform for child and youth care workers which is seen by some to be an answer to the dress code debate.Way back in 1995, the team of 21, who undertook the Cabinet Enquiry into Places of Safety and of "Detention" were very clear on uniforms for child and youth care workers. They thought that it wasn't in the young people's best therapeutic interests for child and youth care workers to wear a uniform. The reason was that a uniform created distance between the young person and the child and youth care worker in the practice of therapeutic relationship building. So is there then a dress code? I know of no standard dress code...especially not in the NGO sector. The Professional Assault Response training (PART) course has what appears to be a responsible guideline. Teh first line, "dress appropriately for the occasion". What then is "appropriate" in the child and youth care worker's situational professional life-space practice?
My question is, "What are the young people learning? What message do we carry to the young people through our dress? PART says we should dress to convey the message that "no-one gets hurt here". Check all clothing and accessories to be sure that in any situation no-one will inflict any form of injury to another...child and youth care worker on a young person,  young person on child and youth care worker,  Watch out for sharp watch straps, belt buckles, earings that can be pulled to tear the ears, long hair that can bu knotted around a hand and yanked. Wear rubber sole shoes for easy movement and to guard against slipping. Then clothing? Again and again, "What message does our clothing choice convey to the young person?

 * Can we burn mphephu in the child and youth care Centre?
(mphephu is a herb valued by (African) traditional healers. It is burnt to smudge and to communicate with the ancestors, calm evil spirits and repel negative energy)
My response: I would certainly hope so!! 

STAYING UP TO DATE...CHILD AND YOUTH CARE IN SOUTH AFRICA

The South African Council for Social Service Professions (SACSSP) recently put out the long awaited notice to service providers in the Child and Youth Care Education Training and Development (ETD) sector. They, who have developed training courses to expand the knowledge, skills, self and ethics of child and youth care workers as far back as 2019, can submit them to the Council. The courses will be considered retrospectively for Continuous Professional Development (CPD) points. and  assessed for accreditation to meet the requirements for continued child and youth care registration for the 2020 - 2021 year.

 My blog on CPD in South Africa can be seen. If you are using a mobile, scroll down to the very bottom of THIS blog. You will see a line of small print reading View in web version. Click. At the very top left of the web version is a search box. Search CPD. If you are using a laptop you should link straight with the web version You can then use the search box...CPD 

This rather lengthy introduction and background is preparation to for this week's blog talk which is inspired by a post on social media. It was a question, a concern and something of a challenge. 

The concern.:Child and youth care workers appear not to read enough and not to write.

I share this view. We have a lot available to us and a lot to tell in South Africa. Someone once said."If you want to hide something in South Africa, put it in print". Obviously an exaggerated generalisation. but if there is even a germ of truth in it, it's scary for the field of Child and Youth Care in South Africa.

The reason for kicking off with the CPD story was to highlight this... as at now, we cannot escape staying up to date and expanding the South African body of knowledge and good practice.. Not only in the euro-centric, North American world, but hopefully, especially in the relevance of practice in the African/south African context. . Our stories must be told and shared. Our stories must be written. Our practices must be made known, our issues researched and our praxis grown into our own theories. So here comes our/the need for writing and the development of South African materials.

Then the question: "How do we stay up to date? What resources  do we have to do this in South Africa?"

In response to the SACSSP notice, I have little doubt there will be an upsurge in child and youth care ETD Service Providers offering virtual,face to face and in-house courses for CPD points in Child and Youth Care.  Fortunately there is a quality safeguard in the requirements for SACSSP accreditation. Watch out for the advertisements. These are a resource. 

Coursework, as such, is not the only way to keep up to date in South Africa. So, here comes the reading part. We do have access to Child and Youth Care journals. Both digital and print. The National Association of Child and Youth Care Workers (NACCW) in South Africa provides it's members with  a printed quarterly journal. Child and Youth Care Work. These are posted through our Post Office Service. What's good is that membership to Professional Associations in itself is accredited for CPD points. Cost of membership is only ZAR50 per annum. 

CYC-Net publishes a digital monthly journal. CYC-Net is free to subscribers. It calls for and relies on donations to survive. The journal CYC-Net is decidedly a 'stay up to dater'. It has an international readership.There is also a CYC-Net app. Just google it.

Relational Child and Youth Care Practice (RCYCP) is a quarterly, available digitally. This is a subscription journal which captures an international readership.As it is peer reviewed It attracts quality Child and Youth Care writers. It can be considered as accredited reading for South African CPD points writers, as well should you publish in it. 

The South African Council for Social Service Professions publishes digitally, a weekly newsletter... a what's happened this week. It publishes a monthly newsletter and has published a substantial newsletter within a year or a quarter. It posts reports after every Board meeting and every Council meeting.

Facebook has a number of resources. Pages for Child and Youth Care groups. Chat, discussion talk, issues, direction to reading and publications. This is a list of the group sites I am presently using. It cannot possibly be exhaustive.
CYC International Community
Child and Youth Care Masikhuluma
Child and Youth Care Practitioners Safe Place
Child and Youth Care Work Resources
National Association Of Child and Youth Care Workers
NACCW WESTERN CAPE REGION
CYC-Net Discussion Group
DUT (CYCD) Graduates in Gauteng
FICE International
Isibindi- Creating The Circles of Care
National Isibindi Safepark
NACCW Youth Co-ordinators 
NACCW Western Cape
Restorative Justice & Practices News Share
NACCW Youth Forum Friends 

The challenge: Blatantly, "We don't engage out veterans".

Patently, implied, is the underlying criticism of Child and Youth Care in South Africa that it is led unchallenged by a core, and in-group of older (if not elderly) Practitioners who occupy key leadership positions in the so-called decision-making, policy-making, education and training forums. Oh, oh, I guess I have to count myself as one of these.If there is such a generation of leadership, then I can unarguably say that they share the concerns of that social media post.

 It is linked, as the post suggested to the first concern and it's related questions. Who is reading? Who is staying up to date? Who is writing? Who is speaking out with authority?  Who is leading locally, regionally, provincially? Who, in themselves, are a Child and Youth Care resource? Who is staying up to date? Who is making their Child and Youth Care presence known?